| Initiatives
Open Access
a term used to represent both an idea, that the results of publicly
funded research be freely available, and a movement, characterized
by various initiatives to make published scholarly literature freely
available on the web. Below are some examples of open access initiatives
Tempe Principles
"principles for Emerging Systems of Scholarly Publishing"
derived from a meeting in Tempe, AZ, March 2000, sponsored by the
Association of American Universities,
the Association of Research Libraries,
and the Merrill Advanced Studies Center of the University of Kansas
Budapest Open
Access Initiative
arose from a small but lively meeting convened in Budapest by the
Open Society Institute (OSI) – December 2001
Berlin Declaration
the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences
and Humanities is the outcome of international conference; the declaration
forwards efforts "to promote the Internet as a functional instrument
for a global scientific knowledge base" – October 2003
NIH Policy
NIH Policy for
Public Access
On January 11, 2008, in response to an act of Congress, the National
Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a revision of its Public Access
Policy. Effective April 7, 2008, the agency requires investigators
to deposit their articles stemming from NIH funding in the NIH online
archive.
ARL's Guide
for Research Universities: NIH Public Access Policy
Federal
Research Public Access Act (FRPAA or Cornyn-Leibman Act; Senate Bill
2695)
a bill that, if passed, will require every federal agency with an
annual research budget of more than $100 million to implement a public
access policy.
Open Archives Initiative
develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate
the efficient dissemination of content. The OAI has its roots in an
effort to enhance access to e-print archives as a means of increasing
the availability of scholarly communication. Supported by the Digital
Library Federation, the Coalition
for Networked Information, and the National
Science Foundation
Information Access Alliance
The Information Access Alliance believes that a new standard of antitrust
review should be adopted by state and federal antitrust enforcement
agencies in examining merger transactions in the serials publishing
industry.
Discipline Repositories
One response has been for publishers, societies, and scholars to create
new mechanisms for distribution of scholarship, within disciplines
or disclipinary groups.
Institutional Repositories
Many academic institutions archive their scholarly output. Some include
published and unpublished works (grey literature); others include
only unpublished. Some include works by students as well as faculty;
some only by faculty.
Multidisciplinary Repositories
Commercially available multidisciplinary repositories (as
opposed to institutional repositories) provide archived, full-text,
digital access to published journal articles in a variety of fields.
The purpose of these initiatives is to provide affordable access to
scholarly publications while also meeting the needs of publishers.
They are frequently collaborative projects between universities and
publishers, and their existence as not-for-profit entities helps to
mitigate some of the corporate monopolization issues present in the
scholarly communication environment. The most highly visible of these
initiatives are JSTOR and PROJECT MUSE, both of which began their
archiving efforts in the mid-1990s. These content repositories make
an important contribution toward creating a sustainable publishing
environment.
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